Congruencia entre modelos dentales impresos 3D y el archivo digital de origen: estudio in vitro comparativo de 5 impresoras 3D / Congruence between 3D printed dental models and the original digital file: comparative in vitro study of 5 3D printers

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer la fiabilidad de la impresora 3D (i3D) aditiva por Matriz de Proceso Digital de Luz (MDLP) Hellbot modelo Apolo®, a través de verificar la congruencia dimensional entre las mallas de modelos impresos (MMi) y su correspondiente archivo digital de origen (MMo), obtenido del software de planificación ortodontica Orchestrate 3D® (O3D). Para determinar su uso en odontología y sus posibilidades clínicas, fue comparada entre cinco i3D de manufactura aditiva, dos DLP, dos por estereolitografía (SLA) y una por Depósito de Material Fundido (FDM). La elección de las cinco i3D se fundamentó en su valor de mercado, intentando abarcar la mayor diversidad argentina disponible. Veinte modelos fueron impresos con cada i3D y escaneados con Escáner Intraoral (IOS) Carestream modelo 3600® (Cs3600). Las 120 MMi fueron importadas dentro del programa de ingeniería inversa Geomagic® Control X® (Cx) para su análisis 3D, consistiendo en la superposición de MMo con cada una de las MMi. Luego, una evaluación cualitativa de la desviación entre la MMi y MMo fue realizada. Un análisis estadístico cuidadoso fue realizado obteniendo como resultado comparaciones en 3d y 2d. Las coincidencias metrológicas en la superposición tridimensional permitieron un análisis exhaustivo y fácilmente reconocible a través de mapas colorimétricos. En el análisis bidimensional se plantearon planos referenciados dentariamente desde la MMo, para hacer coincidir las mediciones desde el mismo punto de partida dentaria. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios y muy alentadores. Las probabilidades de obtener rangos de variabilidad equivalentes a +/- 50µm fueron de un 40,35 % y de +/- 100µm un 71,04 %. Por lo tanto, te- niendo en cuenta las exigencias de congruencia dimensional clínicas de precisión y exactitud a las cuales es sometida nuestra profesión odontológica, se evitan problemas clínicos arrastrados por los errores dimensionales en la manufactura (Cam) (AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of the Hellbot Apollo® model additive 3D printer (i3D) by Matrix Digital Light Processing (MDLP) by verifying the dimensional congruence between the printed model meshes (MMi) and their corresponding digital source file (MMo), obtained from the Orchestrate 3D® (O3D) orthodontic planning software. A comparison was made between five i3D of additive manufacturing, two DLP, two by stereolithography (SLA), and one by Fused Material Deposition (FDM), to determine its use in dentistry and its clinical possibilities. The choice of the five i3D was based on their market value, trying to cover most of the Argentinean diversity available. Twenty models were printed with each i3D and scanned with Carestream Intraoral Scanner (IOS) model 3600® (Cs3600). The 120 MMi were imported into the reverse engineering program Geomagic® Control X® (Cx) for 3D analysis, consisting of overlaying MMo with each MMi. Then, a qualitative evaluation of the deviation between MMi and MMo. Also, a careful statistical analysis was performed, resulting in 3d and 2d comparisons. Metrological coincidences in three-dimensional overlay allowed a comprehensive and easily recognizable analysis through colorimetric maps. In the two-dimensional analysis, dentally referenced planes were proposed from the MMo, to match the measurements from the same dental starting point. The results were satisfactory and very encouraging. The probabilities of obtaining ranges of variability equivalent to +/- 50µm were 40.35 % and +/- 100µm 71.04 %. Therefore, considering the demands of clinical dimensional congruence, precision, and accuracy to which our dental profession it is subjected, clinical problems caused by dimensional errors in manufacturing (Cam) are avoided (AU)

Analysis of biolo artificial neural network in prediction of aerobic exercise index based on algorithm / Análise de rede neural artificial na predição do índice de exercício aeróbio baseada em algorítimo / Análisis de red neuronal artificial en la predicción del índice de ejercicio aeróbico

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the relationship between aerobic activity and cardiac autonomic nerve activity by artificial neural network algorithm and biological image fusion; because of the artificial neural network model (ANN) problems, biological image processing technology is introduced based on ANN. Methods: An Ann under biological image intelligence algorithm is proposed, a classifier suitable for electrocardiograph (ECG) screening is designed, and an ECG signal screening system is successfully established. Moreover, the data set of normal recovered ECG signals of the subjects during the experimental period is constructed, and a classifier is used to extract the characteristic data of a normal ECG signal during the experimental period. Results: The changes in resting heart rate and other physical health indicators are analyzed by combining resting physiological indicators, namely heart rate, body weight, body mass index and body fat rate. The results show that the self-designed classifier can efficiently process the ECG images, and long-term regular activities can improve the physical conditions of most people. Most subjects' body weight and body fat rate decrease with the extension of experiment time, and the resting heart rate decreases relatively. Conclusions: Certain indicators can be used to predict a person's dynamic physical health, which indicates that the experimental research of index prediction in this research has a good effect, which not only extends the application of artificial neural network but also lays a foundation for the research and implementation of ECG intelligent testing wearable devices. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Com o objetivo de estudar a relação entre atividade aeróbia e atividade nervosa autonômica cardíaca por algoritmo de rede neural artificial e fusão biológica de imagens, tendo em vista os problemas existentes no modelo de rede neural artificial (RNA), é introduzida a tecnologia de processamento biológico de imagens com base em ANN. Métodos: um algoritmo de inteligência biológica de imagem Ann é proposto, um classificador adequado para triagem eletrocardiográfica (ECG) é projetado e um sistema de triagem de sinal de ECG é estabelecido com sucesso. Além disso, o conjunto de dados de sinais de ECG normais recuperados dos sujeitos durante o período experimental é construído e um classificador é usado para extrair os dados característicos de um sinal de ECG normal durante o período experimental. Resultados: As alterações na frequência cardíaca em repouso e outros indicadores de saúde física são analisadas pela combinação de indicadores fisiológicos de repouso, a saber, frequência cardíaca, peso corporal, índice de massa corporal e índice de gordura corporal. Os resultados mostram que o classificador autodesenhado pode processar com eficiência as imagens de ECG, e as atividades regulares de longo prazo podem melhorar as condições físicas da maioria das pessoas. O peso corporal e a taxa de gordura corporal da maioria dos indivíduos diminuem com a extensão do tempo do experimento, e a freqüência cardíaca em repouso diminui relativamente. Conclusões: Certos indicadores podem ser usados para prever a saúde física dinâmica de uma pessoa, o que indica que a pesquisa experimental de predição de índice nesta pesquisa tem um bom efeito, que não apenas estende a aplicação da rede neural artificial, mas também estabelece uma base para a pesquisa e implementação de dispositivos vestíveis de teste inteligente de ECG. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Para estudiar la relación entre la actividad aeróbica y la actividad del nervio autónomo cardíaco mediante el algoritmo de red neuronal artificial y la fusión de imágenes biológicas, ante los problemas existentes en el modelo de red neuronal artificial (ANN), se introduce la tecnología de procesamiento de imágenes biológicas basada en ANA. Métodos: Se propone un algoritmo de inteligencia de imagen biológica de Ann, se diseña un clasificador adecuado para el cribado electrocardiógrafo (ECG) y se establece con éxito un sistema de cribado de señales de ECG. Además, se construye el conjunto de datos de las señales de ECG recuperadas normales de los sujetos durante el período experimental, y se utiliza un clasificador para extraer los datos característicos de una señal de ECG normal durante el período experimental. Resultados: Los cambios en la frecuencia cardíaca en reposo y otros indicadores de salud física se analizan combinando indicadores fisiológicos en reposo, a saber, frecuencia cardíaca, peso corporal, índice de masa corporal y tasa de grasa corporal. Los resultados muestran que el clasificador de diseño propio puede procesar de manera eficiente las imágenes de ECG, y las actividades regulares a largo plazo pueden mejorar las condiciones físicas de la mayoría de las personas. El peso corporal y la tasa de grasa corporal de la mayoría de los sujetos disminuyen con la extensión del tiempo del experimento, y la frecuencia cardíaca en reposo disminuye relativamente. Conclusiones: Ciertos indicadores pueden usarse para predecir la salud física dinámica de una persona, lo que indica que la investigación experimental de predicción de índices en esta investigación tiene un buen efecto, lo que no solo extiende la aplicación de la red neuronal artificial sino que también sienta las bases para la investigación. e implementación de dispositivos portátiles de prueba inteligente de ECG. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Visualization of gross anatomy for ultrasound scanning planes using a virtual dissection table / Visualización de la anatomía macroscópica para planos de escaneo de ultrasonido utilizando una mesa de disección virtual

SUMMARY: There is a lack of visualization on gross anatomy planes for the non-orthogonal sections, such as subcostal and intercostal oblique scanning planes of ultrasound imaging. The aim of the present study was to visualize the anatomical image of corresponding plane for the oblique ultrasound scanning using a virtual dissection system. the oblique gross anatomy plane was constructed by appropriate segmentation using a virtual dissection table. A suitable cutting of the body plane was accomplished by turning on and off the organ systems, particularly the skeletal system, category, and structure. The right hepatic vein (RHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and left hepatic vein (LHV) for the right subcostal oblique plane appeared in the single slice plane. The location of the liver, gallbladder, and kidneys differently appeared in the oblique anatomical plane and body position. The results of this study suggest that using a virtual anatomy system contributes to improving the sonographer's ability to understand anatomy.

RESUMEN: Existe una falta de visualización en los planos de anatomía macroscópica para las secciones no ortogonales, tal como los planos de exploración oblicuos subcostales e intercostales en las imágenes de ultrasonido. El objetivo del presente estudio fue visualizar la imagen anatómica del plano correspondiente para la ecografía oblicua mediante un sistema de disección virtual. El plano de anatomía macroscópica oblicua se construyó mediante una adecuada segmentación utilizando una mesa de disección virtual. Se logró un corte correcto del plano corporal al encender y apagar los sistemas de órganos, particularmente el sistema esquelético, la categoría y la estructura. La vena hepática derecha, la vena hepática media y la vena hepática izquierda para el plano oblicuo subcostal derecho aparecieron en el plano de corte único. La ubicación del hígado, la vesícula biliar y los riñones aparecieron de manera diferente en el plano anatómico oblicuo y en la posición del cuerpo. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el uso de un sistema de anatomía virtual ayuda a mejorar la capacidad del ecografista para comprender la anatomía humana.

Ortodoncia Digital. Sistema de Alineación Mediante Placas Transparentes: caso clínico / Digital orthodontics. Alignment system using transparent plates: a clinical case

El tratamiento ortodóncico permite rehabilitar la función como también la estética facial y de la sonrisa. En muchos casos, esto puede realizarse sin la utilización de brackets. Las placas alineadoras realizan movimientos en las arcadas dentarias y las posibilidades y los resultados obtenidos cada vez son mejores. La utilización del sistema de alineación con placas permite que muchos pacientes, que no están dispuestos a utilizar brackets, encuentren una respuesta a sus problemas de oclusión (AU)

Sistema de Información Radiológica XAVIA RIS / Radiology Information System XAVIA RIS

El Sistema para el Almacenamiento, Transmisión y Visualización de Imágenes Médicas XAVIA PACS, desarrollado por la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas, se utiliza en múltiples instituciones de salud de Cuba. El propósito de estas herramientas es manejar la imagen médica, por lo que no gestionan la información que se capta en los servicios de diagnóstico por imágenes, entre los que se encuentran los datos del paciente, del estudio imagenológico y el informe diagnóstico. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados del desarrollo de un sistema informático para la gestión de la información imagenológica integrado al sistema XAVIA PACS para garantizar el control automatizado de la información en los servicios de diagnóstico por imágenes. Para el desarrollo previsto fue determinante la necesidad de reutilizar el código fuente ya implementado en el sistema XAVIA PACS; se seleccionó Microsoft.NET Framework, ASP.NET 3.5, C# 3.5 como lenguaje de programación, PostgreSQL como sistema de gestión de Base de Datos. Adicionalmente, fueron tenidos en cuenta la portabilidad, el procesamiento complejo interno, la facilidad de la instalación, y la facilidad del cambio. El sistema desarrollado automatiza la gestión de las listas de trabajo en los servicios de diagnósticos por imágenes, la gestión de la información del paciente, las citaciones, la planificación del trabajo de las modalidades médicas, y especialistas de radiología. La implantación del sistema desarrollado en diferentes instituciones de salud que emplean el sistema XAVIA PACS, validó la pertinencia y aplicabilidad del mismo(AU)

The XAVIA PACS Medical Images Storage, Transmission and Visualization System, developed by the University of Computer Sciences is used in multiple Cuban health institutions. The purpose of these tools is to manage the medical image, so they do not manage the information that is captured in the diagnostic imaging services, among which are the patient's data, the imaging study and the diagnostic report. This article presents a computer system for the management of imaging information integrated into the XAVIA PACS system to ensure automated control of information in diagnostic imaging services. For the planned development, the need to reuse the source code already implemented in the XAVIA PACS system was decisive; Microsoft.NET Framework, ASP.NET 3.5, C # 3.5 were selected as the programming language, PostgreSQL as the Database management system. Additionally, portability, complex internal processing, ease of installation, and ease of change were considered. The developed system automates the management of work lists in diagnostic imaging services, the management of patient information, appointments, work planning of medical modalities, and radiology specialists. The implementation of the system developed in different health institutions that use the XAVIA PACS system, validated its relevance and applicability(AU)

Análisis de concordancia entre trazado cefalométrico manual y cefalométrico digital con programa Nemoceph / Analysis of concordance between manual cephalometric and digital cephalometric tracing with Nemoceph program

La importancia del análisis cefalométrico dentro del diagnóstico en ortodoncia ha ido incrementando a través de los años, por ello, el interés de comparar la confiabilidad de los sistemas digitales con el trazado manual convencional. Objetivo: Definir el grado de concordancia entre los resultados de trazado cefalométrico manual y con Nemoceph. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ocho medidas lineales y angulares del análisis cefalométrico de Steiner. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional, en el cual se analizaron 70 radiografías laterales de cráneo digitales. Los resultados se dividieron en dos grupos, trazado manual y trazado cefalométrico con Nemoceph, los cuales fueron evaluados con un índice de correlación intraclase. Conclusión: Se reportó un grado de correlación intraclase mayor a 0.75, estableciendo que el sistema digital exhibe la misma precisión del manual, con algunas ventajas convenientes a la época (AU)

The importance taken by the cephalometric analysis within the orthodontic diagnosis has been increasing over the years, for that reason the interest of comparing the reliability of the digital systems with the conventional manual tracing. Objective: To define the degree of concordance between the results of manual cephalometric tracing and with Nemoceph. Material and methods: Eight linear and angular measurements of Steiner's cephalometric analysis were used. A crosssectional, correlational study was conducted in which 70 digital skull lateral radiographs were analyzed. The results were divided into two groups; manual tracing and cephalometric tracing with Nemoceph, which were evaluated with an intraclass correlation index. Conclusion: a correlation degree greater than 0.75 was reported. Establishing that the digital system exhibits the same precision of the manual, with some advantages suited to the age (AU)

Intra- and interobserver reliability of a modified distraction test based on digital images to assess lower eyelid horizontal tension / Confiabilidade intra e interobservador do teste de tração modificado para avaliar a tensão da pálpebra inferior baseado em imagens digitais

ABSTRACT Purpose: Inferior eyelid laxity is classically evaluated using "snap-back" and "distraction" tests. This study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the technique used to indirectly quantify the horizontal tension in the lower eyelids using digital image processing. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproducibility of a new technique that quantifies the horizontal tension in the lower eyelid. The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas of Porto Alegre. The protocol was established by two trained ophthalmologist examiners, allowing intra- and interobserver agreement analyses. Image acquisition was done in two stages: the first image was captured with the eyelid in primary gaze position and the second with the eyelid in traction position. All images and measurements were processed using Image J 1.33m software from the National Institute of Health. The Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficients, concordance correlation coefficients, and technical measurement error were used to evaluate reproducibility. Results: The study participants comprised healthy individuals with no ophthalmologic pathologies. The measurements obtained in the neutral position showed a slightly higher agreement than those obtained in the traction position. The mean difference between the measurements performed in the traction position was 0.028 ± 0.7 mm and 0.014 ± 0.9 mm in the intra- and interobserver analyses, respectively. The Bland-Altman method demonstrated adequate confidence limits for both measurements. Correlation coefficients for measurements varied between 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.95] and 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-0.97) in the neutral position and between 0.72 (95% CI 0.37-0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.4-0.91) in the traction position. Conclusion: A high intra- and interobserver concordance was observed in the studied method to quantify lower eyelid tension. The proposed method is simple and easily reproducible, and to the best our knowledge, this is the first method that quantifies lower eyelid horizontal tension on the basis of digital image processing. This modified distraction test might be useful in studies quantifying lower eyelid horizontal tension.

RESUMO Objetivo: A frouxidão palpebral inferior é avaliada classicamente por meio de testes de "snap-back" e "distraction test". O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reprodutibilidade da técnica utilizada para quantificar indiretamente a tensão horizontal nas pálpebras inferiores através do processamento digital de imagens. Métodos: Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado para avaliar a reprodutibilidade de uma nova técnica que quantifica a tensão horizontal na pálpebra inferior. O estudo foi realizado no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O protocolo foi estabelecido por dois examinadores oftalmologistas treinados, permitindo análises de concordância intra e interavaliador. A aquisição de imagens foi feita em duas etapas: a primeira imagem foi capturada com a pálpebra na posição primária do olhar e a segunda com pálpebra tracionada. Todas as imagens e medições foram processadas usando o software Image J 1.33m do National Institute of Health. O método de Bland-Altman, os coeficientes de correlação intraclasses, os coeficientes de correlação de concordância e o erro técnico da medida foram utilizados para avaliar a reprodutibilidade. Resultados: Os participantes do estudo foram indivíduos saudáveis e sem patologias oftalmológicas. As medidas obtidas na posição neutra mostraram concordância levemente maior do que as obtidas na posição tracionada. A diferença média entre as medidas realizadas na posição tracionada foi de 0,028 ± 0,7mm e 0,014 ± 0,9mm nas análises intra e interobservadores, respectivamente. O método de Bland-Altman demonstrou limites de confiança adequados para ambas as medidas. Os coeficientes de correlação para as medidas variaram entre 0,87 [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) 0,68-0,95) e 0,91 (IC 95% 0,77-0,97) na posição neutra e entre 0,72 (IC 95% 0,37-0,89) e 0,76 (IC 95% 0,46-0,91) na posição tracionada. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada concordância intra e interobservador no método estudado para quantificar a tensão palpebral inferior. O método proposto é simples e facilmente reproduzível, e, do melhor modo possível, este é o primeiro método que quantifica a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior com base no processamento digital de imagens. Este teste de distração modificado pode ser útil em estudos que quantifiquem a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior.

Patrón de flujo en "4D Flow" y su vínculo con la aortopatía bicúspide / 4D Flow pattern and its role in bicuspid aortic valve aortopathy

ABSTRACT: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is generally associated with thoracic aortic dilatation (TAD). Related factors include; genetical, morphological (valvular phenotype) and most recently, hemodynamic profiles associated with flow pattern and wall shear stress. Cardiac magnetic resonance 4D Flow (4DF) can give an integral evaluation of these later flow variables. Remarkable, different spectrums of flow and vortex direction exist in BAV that are related to the site of TAD (proximal or distal). Therefore, we present a 57 years old patient with BAV (Sievers 0) with anteroposterior leaflets distribution in which 4DF depicted an anteriorly and righthand oriented jet that correlated with the zone of grater AD; also, vortex rotation was counterclockwise, corresponding to the most frequent vortex type in BAV. In conclusion, 4DF is a powerful and ground-breaking tool that enhances our knowledge of BAV related aortopathy.

True-color face peeled images with botulinum toxin injection sites and anatomic landmarks / Imágenes de color verdadero de rostros sin piel con puntos de inyección de toxina botulínica y puntos de referencia anatómicos

To allow students and surgeons to learn the sites for botulinum toxin injection, new types of educational images are needed because MRI, CT, and sectioned images are inadequate. This article describes browsing software that displays face peeled images that allow layers along the curved surface of the face to be peeled gradually in even depths across the surface. Two volume models of the head were reconstructed from sectioned images and segmented images of Visible Korean, respectively. These volume models were peeled serially at a thickness of 0.2 mm along the curved surface of the facial skin to construct the peeled images and peeled segmented images. All of the peeled images were marked with botulinum toxin injection sites, facial creases and wrinkles, and fat compartments. All peeled images and the text information were entered into browsing software. The browsing software shows 12 botulinum toxin injection sites on all peeled images of the anterior and lateral views. Further, the software shows 23 anatomic landmarks, 13 facial creases and wrinkles, and 7 face fat compartments. When a user points at any structure on the peeled images, the name of the structure appears. Our software featuring the peeled images will be particularly effective for helping medical students to quickly and easily learn the accurate facial anatomy for botulinum toxin injection sites. It will also be useful for explaining plastic surgery procedures to patients and studying the anatomic structure of the human face.

Para permitir que los estudiantes y cirujanos aprendan los sitios para la inyección de toxina botulínica, se necesitan nuevos tipos de imágenes educativas ya que las imágenes de MRI, CT e imágenes seccionadas son inadecuadas. Este artículo describe el software de navegación que muestra imágenes de cara sin piel que permiten que las capas a lo largo de la superficie curva de la cara se despeguen gradualmente en profundidades uniformes a lo largo de la superficie. Se reconstruyeron dos modelos de volumen de la cabeza a partir de imágenes seccionadas e imágenes segmentadas visibles, respectivamente. En estos modelos de volumen se retiró la piel en serie con un grosor de 0,2 mm a lo largo de la superficie curva de la cara para construir las imágenes sin piel y las imágenes segmentadas sin piel. Todas las imágenes sin piel se marcaron con puntos de inyección de toxina botulínica, arrugas y arrugas faciales y compartimientos de grasa. Todas las imágenes despegadas y la información de texto se ingresaron en el software de navegación. El software de navegación muestra 12 sitios de inyección de toxina botulínica en todas las imágenes de las vistas anterior y lateral. Además, el software muestra 23 puntos de referencia anatómicos, 13 pliegues y arrugas faciales y 7 compartimentos de grasa facial. Cuando un usuario selecciona cualquier estructura en las imágenes sin piel, aparece el nombre de la estructura. Nuestro software con las imágenes sin piel será particularmente efectivo para ayudar a los estudiantes de medicina a aprender rápida y fácilmente la anatomía facial precisa para los sitios de inyección de toxina botulínica. También será útil para explicar los procedimientos de cirugía plástica a pacientes y estudiar la estructura anatómica del rostro humano.

Reference values (RV), MNS and MTS for morphological characteristics of normal and abnormal human spermatozoon describing Teratozoospermic Index (TZI) & Sperm Deformity Index (SDI) in Sudanese infertile couples using CASA System / Valores de referencia (RV), MNS y MTS para las características morfológicas de espermatozoides humanos normales y anormales que describen el Índice Teratozoospérmico (TZI) y el Índice de Deformidad del Esperma (SDI) en parejas infértiles de Sudán que utilizan el sistema CASA

A scientific determination of fertilization ability of the sperm can be made by motility, viability and morphological examinations that are called as potential fertility criteria. Some previous studies documented only the total morphological defect rates without including the morphologic subjects. As it is recorded in many studies, the success of IUI, ICSI and IVF depends mainly on the quality of the collected semen. 1) Determine and classify the common morphological defects and rates of sperms. 2) Analyze the effect of age on the sperm abnormalities and to assess the impact of environment on changing normal sperm characteristics. 3) Determine the common types of semen abnormalities (Asthenoterato-zoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Azoopyospermia, Azoospermia, Hypospermia, Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, Oligoasthenozoopyospermia, Oligoasthenozoospermia and Teratozoospermia). 4) Determine the range of teratozoospermic index (TZI) and sperm deformity index (SDI). A prospective case series study for 566 men of infertile couples who were requesting semen analysis was applied to those came to the ULTRALAB laboratory center main campus and ULTRALAB branch of the Sudan Assisted Reproduction Center (SARC), Khartoum, Sudan. Data collection was done for 20 months from April 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2011. analysis of semen samples was done using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). 1) The study demonstrates that there are differences in normality and abnormality of sperm morphology parameters of sperm between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards. 2) SDI and TZI were higher in overall semen as well as in abnormal semen samples. 3) Common semen abnormalities were oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. There are differences in sperm morphology of both normal and abnormal parameters between Sudanese population and other studies including WHO standards.

Se realizó una determinación científica de la capacidad de fertilización de los espermatozoides mediante motilidad, viabilidad y exámenes morfológicos denominados criterios de fertilidad potencial. Algunos estudios previos documentan solamente el total de las tasas de defectos morfológicos sin incluir a los sujetos morfológicos. Como se registra en muchos estudios, el éxito de IUI, ICSI y FIV depende principalmente de la calidad del semen recolectado. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) Determinar y clasificar los defectos morfológicos comunes y las tasas de espermatozoides; 2) Analizar el efecto de la edad en las anomalías de los espermatozoides y evaluar el impacto del medio ambiente en el cambio de las características normales de los espermatozoides; 3) Determinar los tipos comunes de anomalías en el semen (astenoterato-zoospermia, astenozoospermia, azoopiepermia, azoospermia, hipospermia, oligoastenoteratozoospermia, oligoastenozoopermia, oligoastenozoospermia y teratozoospermia); 4) Determinar el rango del índice teratozoospérmico (TZI) y el índice de deformidad del esperma (IDE). Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de series de casos en 566 hombres, de parejas infértiles, que solicitaban análisis de semen en laboratorios ULTRALAB y la sucursal de ULTRALAB del Centro de Reproducción Asistida de Sudán (SARC), Jartum, Sudán. La recolección de datos se realizó durante 20 meses, desde el 1 de abril de 2010 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011. El análisis de las muestras de semen se realizó mediante el análisis de semen asistido por computadora (CASA). Existen diferencias en la normalidad y anormalidad de los parámetros de la morfología de los espermatozoides entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios, incluidas las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los parámetros SDI y TZI fueron más altos en el semen general, así como en muestras de semen anormales. Las anomalías comunes del semen fueron oligoastenatoatoospermia, astenoteratozoospermia y astenozoospermia. Existen diferencias en la morfología de los espermatozoides de los parámetros normales y anormales entre la población sudanesa y otros estudios que incluyen las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Thoracic calcifications on magnetic resonance imaging: correlations with computed tomography / Calcificações torácicas na ressonância magnética: correlações com a tomografia computadorizada

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the characteristics of thoracic calcifications on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, as well as correlations between MR imaging and CT findings. Methods: This was a retrospective study including data on 62 patients undergoing CT scans and MR imaging of the chest at any of seven hospitals in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro between March of 2014 and June of 2016 and presenting with calcifications on CT scans. T1- and T2-weighted MR images (T1- and T2-WIs) were semiquantitatively analyzed, and the lesion-to-muscle signal intensity ratio (LMSIR) was estimated. Differences between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions were analyzed. Results: Eighty-four calcified lesions were analyzed. Mean lesion density on CT was 367 ± 435 HU. Median LMSIRs on T1- and T2-WIs were 0.4 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.1-0.7) and 0.2 (IQR, 0.0-0.7), respectively. Most of the lesions were hypointense on T1- and T2-WIs (n = 52 [61.9%] and n = 39 [46.4%], respectively). In addition, 19 (22.6%) were undetectable on T1-WIs (LMSIR = 0) and 36 (42.9%) were undetectable on T2-WIs (LMSIR = 0). Finally, 15.5% were hyperintense on T1-WIs and 9.5% were hyperintense on T2-WIs. Median LMSIR was significantly higher for neoplastic lesions than for non-neoplastic lesions. There was a very weak and statistically insignificant negative correlation between lesion density on CT and the following variables: signal intensity on T1-WIs, LMSIR on T1-WIs, and signal intensity on T2-WIs (r = −0.13, p = 0.24; r = −0.18, p = 0.10; and r = −0.16, p = 0.16, respectively). Lesion density on CT was weakly but significantly correlated with LMSIR on T2-WIs (r = −0.29, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Thoracic calcifications have variable signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images, sometimes appearing hyperintense. Lesion density on CT appears to correlate negatively with lesion signal intensity on MR images.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as características das calcificações torácicas na ressonância magnética (RM) e as correlações entre os achados de RM e TC. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisados dados referentes a 62 pacientes que foram submetidos a TC e RM de tórax em sete hospitais nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro entre março de 2014 e junho de 2016 e que apresentaram calcificações na TC. As imagens de RM ponderadas em T1 e T2 (doravante denominadas T1 e T2) foram analisadas semiquantitativamente, e a razão entre a intensidade do sinal da lesão e do músculo (LMSIR, do inglês lesion-to-muscle signal intensity ratio) foi estimada. Diferenças entre lesões neoplásicas e não neoplásicas foram analisadas. Resultados: Foram analisadas 84 lesões calcificadas. A média de densidade das lesões na TC foi de 367 ± 435 UH. A mediana da LMSIR foi de 0,4 [intervalo interquartil (II): 0,1-0,7] em T1 e 0,2 (II: 0,0-0,7) em T2. A maioria das lesões mostrou-se hipointensa em T1 e T2 [n = 52 (61,9%) e n = 39 (46,4%), respectivamente]. Além disso, 19 (22,6%) foram indetectáveis em T1 (LMSIR = 0) e 36 (42,9%) foram indetectáveis em T2 (LMSIR = 0). Finalmente, 15,5% mostraram-se hiperintensas em T1 e 9,5% mostraram-se hiperintensas em T2. A mediana da LMSIR foi significativamente maior nas lesões neoplásicas do que nas não neoplásicas. Houve uma correlação negativa muito fraca e estatisticamente insignificante entre a densidade das lesões na TC e as seguintes variáveis: intensidade do sinal em T1, LMSIR em T1 e intensidade do sinal em T2 (r = −0,13, p = 0,24; r = −0,18, p = 0,10 e r = −0,16, p = 0,16, respectivamente). A densidade das lesões na TC apresentou correlação fraca, porém significativa com a LMSIR em T2 (r = −0,29, p < 0,05). Conclusões: As calcificações torácicas apresentam intensidade de sinal variável em T1 e T2; em alguns casos, mostram-se hiperintensas. A densidade da lesão na TC aparentemente correlaciona-se negativamente com a intensidade do sinal da lesão na RM.

Radiomics for prediction of central lymph node metastasis in the neck in patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the feasibility of radiomics for predicting lymph node metastasis in the central region of the neck in patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC).@*METHODS@#A total of 189 patients with PTC confirmed by thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy were prospectively enrolled in this study. The cross-sectional and longitudinal ultrasound images and the images of both sections were analyzed for predicting central lymph node metastasis using a radiomics approach with pathological results as the gold standard.@*RESULTS@#In the 189 patients, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of preoperative thyroid ultrasonography for diagnosis of central lymph node metastasis was 69.39%, 64% and 73%, respectively. Based on the ultrasound images of the cross-sections, longitudinal sections and both sections, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of radiomics for predicting central lymph node metastasis was 66.06%/68.12%/77.69%, 53%/46%/40%, and 52%/53%/51%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Radiomics with combined analysis of the ultrasound images on the cross-section and longitudinal section images achieves a higher accuracy for predicting central lymph node metastasis than analysis a single section, and its diagnostic accuracy is much higher than that of conventional ultrasound examination.

Color-based segmentation vs. stereology: a simple comparison between two semi-automated methods of image analysis for the quantification of collagen / Segmentación basada en colores vs. estereología: una comparación simple entre dos métodos semiautomáticos de análisis de imágenes para la cuantificación del colágeno

Image processing techniques are being widely developed for helping specialists in analysis of histological images and its application is especially useful in obtaining numerical data for the realization of the subsequent statistical analysis. The use of these methods makes the histological analysis of experts more objective and less time-consuming. In this paper we evaluate how well the quantitative methods - color-based image segmentation and stereology - agree on average, and how well they agree for the individuals when they are used to quantify type I and III collagen. Digital images of sections of Salmo salar jaws (5 µm, SiriusRed staining) were analyzed. Collagen quantification was performed by two methods in the same group of images: i) Color Based-Segmentation (K-means algorithm; pixel cluster; ImageJ32 v1.51p) and ii) Stereology (VV; M36; STEPanizer Stereological Tools). They were evaluated 200 images per group. The difference between groups and concordance was analyzed using t-Student (p<0.05) and Blant Altman Comparison Method, respectively. The data analysis of average and individual assessments showed that there is concordance between two methods. In conclusion, stereology and color-based image segmentation are powerful tools which quantify collagen in histological sections.

Las técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes han sido ampliamente desarrolladas para ayudar a los especialistas en el análisis de imágenes histológicas y su aplicación es especialmente útil para obtener datos numéricos para la realización del posterior análisis estadístico. El uso de estos métodos hace que el análisis histológico realizado por expertos sea más objetivo. En este estudio evaluamos qué tan bien coinciden o concuerdan en promedio y entre evaluaciones individuales los métodos cuantitativos "segmentación basada en color" y la "estereología" cuando son utilizados para cuantificar el colágeno tipo I y III. Se analizó imágenes digitales de tejido mandibular de Salmo salar (5 µm, tinción SiriusRed). La cuantificación del colágeno se realizó mediante dos métodos en el mismo grupo de imágenes: i) Segmentación basada en color (algoritmo K-mean, cluster de píxeles, ImageJ32 v1.51p) y ii) Estereología (VV; M36; STEPanizer Stereological Tools). Fueron evaluados 200 imágenes por grupo. Se analizó la diferencia de medias y concordancia entre métodos mediante t-Students (p>0,05) y el Método de Comparación de Blant-Altman. El análisis de los datos de las evaluaciones promedio e individuales demostró que hay concordancia entre los dos métodos. En conclusión, la estereología y la segmentación de imágenes basadas en color son poderosas herramientas útiles para cuantificar colágeno en secciones histológicas.

Validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements: ELSA-Brasil study. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Investigation of alterations to retinal microvasculature may contribute towards understanding the role of such changes in the pathophysiology of several chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective here was to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements made by Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) graders. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at six teaching and research institutions. METHODS: To evaluate validity, each of 25 retinal images from the University of Wisconsin (gold standard) was measured by five ELSA-Brasil graders. To evaluate reproducibility, 105 images across the spectrum of vessel diameters were selected from 12,257 retinal images that had been obtained between 2010 and 2012, and each image was reexamined by the same grader and by an independent grader. All measurements were made using the Interactive Vessel Analysis (IVAN) software. Bland-Altman plots, paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean differences between ELSA-Brasil and gold-standard readings were 0.16 µm (95% CI -0.17-0.50; P = 0.31) for central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), -0.21 µm (95% CI -0.56-0.14; P = 0.22) for central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and 0.0005 (95% CI -0.008-0.009; P = 0.55) for arteriole/venule ratio (AVR). Intragrader ICCs were 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.86) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.780.96) for CRVE and 0.70 (0.55-0.83) for AVR. Intergrader ICCs were 0.75 (95% CI 0.64-0.85) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.79-0.96) for CRVE and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.82) for AVR. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microvascular diameter measurements are valid and present moderate to high intra and intergrader reproducibility in ELSA-Brasil.

Errores de medición en la interpretación mamográfica por radiólogos / Measurements errors in screening mammogram interpretation by radiologists

RESUMEN La detección oportuna de cáncer de mama se realiza mediante mamografía; sin embargo, se debe prestar atención a la calidad de la misma para su realización e interpretación. A pesar de recientes mejoras en el control de calidad de la mamografía, la interpretación todavía depende de cada lector; por lo que se pueden cometer errores en la interpretación mamográfica y éstos pueden producir biopsias no necesarias y/o sobre-diagnóstico, reportándose consecuencias físicas, económicas y psicológicas sostenidas; debido a que la interpretación obedece a la habilidad perceptiva y cognitiva del médico radiólogo. Sin embargo, se requiere de un amplio conocimiento de los posibles errores que puede haber en la interpretación de mamografías, y la forma en que pueden minimizarse, prevenirse y/o corregirse con el fin de ofrecer a la paciente la mayor seguridad posible.(AU)

ABSTRACT The timely detection of breast cancer is achieved through mammography; however, the quality of the procedure should be addressed for proper performance and interpretation. Despite recent improvements in quality assurance in mammography, interpretation still depends on each reader; therefore, errors can be made when interpreting screening mammograms, leading to unnecessary biopsies and/or overdiagnosis, with sustained physical, economic and psychological consequences. Since interpretation is related to the perceptive and cognitive ability of the radiologist, it is necessary to have extensive knowledge about the possible errors that may occur during interpretation, as well as of the way how they can be reduced, prevented and/or corrected to provide the patient with the highest possible level of safety.(AU)

Uso de digitalizador e impressora doméstica em 3 dimensões em rinoplastia / Domestic three-dimensional scanner and printer in patients undergoing rhinoplasty

Os princípios para uma rinoplastia bem-sucedida incluem consulta e planejamento pré-operatório e uma análise clínica abrangente que defina as metas da cirurgia. Mais recentemente, a digitalização e a impressão doméstica em 3 dimensões tornaram-se disponíveis. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um método de digitalização em 3 dimensões e de impressão doméstica da anatomia real do paciente para ser usada como ajuda intraoperatória. Nós apresentamos uma forma de uso desta tecnologia no transoperatório, auxiliando o cirurgião a comparar os resultados obtidos após suas manobras, verificar a sua adesão ao plano cirúrgico previamente estabelecido e melhorar a sua tomada de decisão durante a cirurgia. Em conclusão, a aplicação da impressão doméstica em 3 dimensões demonstra um efeito positivo sobre o tratamento de alterações estéticas do nariz.

The principles for a successful rhinoplasty include preoperative consultation and planning, as well as a comprehensive clinical analysis and defining rhinoplasty goals. Three-dimensional domestic scanning and printing have recently become available. We sought to objectively describe this method as an intraoperative aid in patients' anatomy. This method can be used trans-operatively to help surgeons compare the results of his or her technique, check adherence to the surgical plan, and improve his or her surgical decision-making. We found that the application of 3-dimensional printing had a positive effect on the treatment of patients with aesthetic nose disorders.

Deep Learning and Its Applications in Biomedicine / 基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报·英文版

Advances in biological and medical technologies have been providing us explosive volumes of biological and physiological data, such as medical images, electroencephalography, genomic and protein sequences. Learning from these data facilitates the understanding of human health and disease. Developed from artificial neural networks, deep learning-based algorithms show great promise in extracting features and learning patterns from complex data. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of deep learning techniques and some of the state-of-the-art applications in the biomedical field. We first introduce the development of artificial neural network and deep learning. We then describe two main components of deep learning, i.e., deep learning architectures and model optimization. Subsequently, some examples are demonstrated for deep learning applications, including medical image classification, genomic sequence analysis, as well as protein structure classification and prediction. Finally, we offer our perspectives for the future directions in the field of deep learning.

Tips for studies with quantitative morphology (morphometry and stereology) / Consejos para los estudios de morfología cuantitativa (morfometría y estereología)

SUMMARY: The quantitative morphology contributes to making the studies less subjective and reproducible. Quantitative results are analyzed with statistics and should be based on a well-defined sample. Quantitative variables can be 'continuous' or 'discrete.' In this text, the term 'morphometry' is used to design a simpler procedure for measuring structures with a 'ruler.' The term 'stereology' is used in estimating quantities in the 3-dimensional space analyzing 2-D cut sections. Correction factors may be necessary for the retraction and compression of the tissues. In histological sections, the 'caps' of the objects that have been sectioned tangentially are lost when chemical agents remove the paraffin distorting the analysis. Moreover, the analyses based on digital images should consider the same format and the same size (pixels) to all pictures allowing a comparison between groups. Stereology can be 'model-based': points within a frame are counted to estimate the 'volume density' (Vv) of a structure, and intercepts are counted to assess the 'surface density' (Sv). Counting structures within a frame allow estimating the 'length density' (Lv). Newer and more complex 'design-based' procedures are considered unbiased. The key point is that design-based inference does not require assumptions about the material and uses the 'random sampling' approach. The estimation of the number of objects requires a 3-D (volume) probe and therefore the 'disector' technique. This review aimed to contribute to the execution of the project, the correct sampling and the data obtained with morphometry and stereology.

RESUMEN: La morfología cuantitativa contribuye a que los estudios sean menos subjetivos y reproducibles. Los resultados cuantitativos son analizados con estadística y deben basarse en una muestra bien definida. Las variables cuantitativas pueden ser "continuas" o "discretas". En este texto, el término 'morfometría' es usado para diseñar un procedimiento más simple para medir estructuras con una 'regla'. El término "estereología" se usa para estimar cantidades en espacio 3-D analizando secciones de corte en 2-D. Factores de corrección pueden ser necesarios por la retracción y compresión de los tejidos. En secciones histológicas, los "tapones" de las muestras que han sido seccionadas tangencialmente se pierden cuando los agentes químicos eliminan la parafina distorsionando así el análisis. Además, los análisis basados en imágenes digitales deben considerar el mismo formato y el mismo tamaño (píxeles) para todas las imágenes, lo que permite una comparación entre grupos. La estereología puede estar "basada en modelos": los puntos dentro de un marco se cuentan para estimar la "densidad de volumen" (Vv) de una estructura, y las interceptaciones o intersecciones son contadas para evaluar la "densidad de superficie" (Sv). Las estructuras contadas dentro de un marco permiten estimar la 'densidad de longitud' (Lv). Los procedimientos más nuevos y más complejos basados en el diseño se consideran imparciales y objetivos. El punto clave es que el diseño basado en la inferencia no requiere suposiciones acerca del material y utiliza el enfoque de "muestreo aleatorio". La estimación del número de objetos requiere una prueba 3-D (volumen) y, por lo tanto, la técnica "disector". Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo contribuir a la ejecución del proyecto, el muestreo correcto y los datos obtenidos con morfometría y estereología.

Eyelid fissure dimensions in Japanese and in Brazilians of European descent over 50 years of age / Medidas das fendas palpebrais em japoneses e brasileiros de descendência européia após os 50 anos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate differences in the palpebral fissure eyelid position in Japanese subjects and in Brazilian subjects of European descent over 50 years of age. Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating 50 Japanese subjects and 50 Bra­­­zilian subjects of European descent over 50 years of age was performed to evaluate the effect of aging on eyelid position. Digital photographs were taken with the eyes in the primary position and transferred to a computer to be processed by Scion imaging software for evaluation of palpebral fissure width, height, and margin reflex distance (MRD). The data were statistically analyzed according to sex, age, and race. Results: The width of the eyelid fissure in Japanese subjects was higher than that in Brazilian subjects, whereas the height of the eyelid fissure and the MRD1 was higher in Brazilians than in Japanese (p<0.01). Width, height, and MRD1 were linearly associated with age only in the Japanese group (p<0.05); this association was observed only with width in the Brazilian group (p<0.05). There were no differences according to laterality in either group (p>0.05). Conclusion: There are racial differences in age-related changes in the eyelids, which are more marked in Japanese subjects.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar as diferenças no posicionamento da fenda palpebral em ja­po­neses e brasileiros de descendência européia maiores de 50 anos. Métodos: Estudo transversal avaliando-se 50 japoneses e 50 brasileiros de descendência européia maiores que 50 anos de idade, avaliando-se o efeito do envelhe­cimento sobre a posição palpebral. As fotografias digitais foram realizadas em posição primária do olhar e transferidas para um computador para serem processadas pelo software de imagem Scion, avaliando-se as medidas da altura e comprimento da fenda palpebral e distância margem-reflexo (MRD). Os dados foram analisados pela estatística segundo sexo, idade e raça. Resultados: O comprimento da fenda palpebral em japoneses foi maior do que o dos brasileiros, enquanto que a altura da fenda palpebral e MRD foram maiores nos brasileiros (p<0,01). O comprimento, altura e MRD foram associados à idade li­nearmente apenas em japoneses (p<0,05) e esta associação foi observada apenas quanto ao comprimento no grupo dos brasileiros (p<0,05). Não houve diferença quanto à lateralidade em ambos os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusão: Existem mudanças distintas no processo de envelhecimento palpebral de acordo com a etnia, que parecem ser mais intensas em pálpebras de japoneses.